How to find copper ore
I. Overview of copper ore geology
The typical sulphur-like elements of copper are mainly sulfides formed in nature. Only oxides are formed under strong oxidizing conditions, and natural copper can be formed under reducing conditions.
At present, more than 250 kinds of copper minerals and copper-containing minerals have been found on the earth's crust, mainly sulfides and their similar compounds and copper oxides, natural copper and copper sulfates, carbonates, silicates. Classes and other minerals. Among them, there are 16 kinds of materials that can be used as industrial mineral raw materials for the current smelting conditions:
Natural elements: natural copper (containing nearly 100% copper), generally found in the oxidation zone of sulfide deposits. The production of natural copper is common in the pores or fissures of continental basalts , but it is extremely rare to form an industrial-scale natural copper deposit. However, in the basaltic volcanic rock series metamorphosed in the Proterozoic, the Kiwino super-large copper deposit dominated by natural copper has become a special case of copper deposits. In China, the Mayang copper mine in Hunan is also a copper deposit dominated by natural copper, but its type is sandstone and its size is medium.
Natural copper-COPPER
Copper sulfide: chalcopyrite (containing 34.6% copper, brackets refer to copper content, the same below) Beryllium (63.3%) copper (79.9%) copper blue (66.5%) square chalcopyrite (23.4%) Beryllium copper ore (46.7%) arsenic bismuth copper ore (52.7%) sulphur arsenic copper ore (48.4%).
However, the copper ore and the porphyrite may be the products of the original ore-forming or the secondary enrichment of the oxidation. If it is a product of secondary oxidation, the chalcopyrite can be ash-like and mostly symbiotic with minerals such as malachite.
Copper oxides: cuprite (88.8%) black copper ore (79.9%); copper sulfate, carbonate and silicate minerals: malachite (57.5%) azurite (55.3%) chrysocolla (36.2%) water cholesteric (56.2%) chlorite (59.5%). They are all formed by the oxidation of primary copper minerals or high copper-bearing rocks.
At present, the raw materials for the selection of copper minerals are mainly chalcopyrite, chalcopyrite, porphyrite, malachite and the like. According to the technical conditions of the metallurgy, the copper ore is divided into three natural types by the ratio of copper oxide and copper sulfide. That is, sulfide ore, containing less than 10% copper oxide; oxidized ore, containing more than 30% copper oxide; mixed ore, containing 10%-30% of copper oxide.
The types of copper deposits are mainly: porphyry copper deposits, copper- nickel sulfide-type copper deposits, massive sulfide-type copper deposits, layered copper deposits (volcanic-type copper deposits, sand, shale, conglomerate-type copper deposits, Carbonate type copper ore) skarn type copper ore and hydrothermal vein type copper ore.
Second, the prospecting mark
1. Copper oxide minerals. Because the original copper minerals, the high-altitude altered rocks, and the ancient copper slag are easily oxidized, they form a striking emerald green malachite (commonly known as patina) sky blue blue copper ore (commonly known as Shiqing) red red copper ore, Soot-like chalcopyrite, indigo-colored porphyrite, etc., they are good indicators for finding copper.
2. Characteristic plants. For example, the toothbrush grass in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the geranium with purple-red stems in Yunnan are very good for finding copper ore plants.
3. Alteration combination. Such as the Qingpan lithification-Yellow iron slate lithification-mud-potassium-silicide, the red layer (the volcanic red layer or the sand shale red layer) in the fading, etc. are all good copper signs.
3, volcanic mechanism, spilitic - keratophyre tuff volcanic, sedimentary jet (Fe, Mn cherts, iron Jasper rocks, siliceous rocks lamellar) layer of red light sand (conglomerate), skarn Ultra-basic rocks, medium-medium-acid porphyry, siliceous siliceous fine dolomite , and charcoal-bearing volcanic tuff layers are the best targets for copper.
4. For porphyry copper deposits, it is generally a large-tonnage low-grade deposit, which has always been the main target of people's search. It is particularly worth mentioning that it is necessary to look for porphyry copper mines to see if they have exposed conditions, and secondly, whether they have secondary enrichment zones, and whether they are associated with higher gold , silver and molybdenum. . If it is inconvenient to expose and not have a high-grade secondary enrichment belt, and the content of gold, silver and molybdenum is low, it will become a mine due to its low grade, which is difficult for people to use, because it occupies a large amount of exploration funds. Can make mining companies in trouble.
5. Geochemical anomalies of copper and their combined anomalies with molybdenum, gold, silver, lead , zinc , iron and manganese.
6. Geophysical anomalies. The (high-polarization) resistivity (low-resistance) gravity (high-gravity) directly reflects the presence of copper ore bodies. Magnetic anomalies can encircle volcanic bodies, medium-medium-acid rock contact belts, and ultrabasic rocks. Brought, low gravity can circle the hidden granitic rock mass.
7, pay attention to mineralization series prospecting. There are copper deposits under iron ore (such as iron caps often indicate copper, and copper deposits usually exist under magnetite deposits).
8, pay attention to comprehensive prospecting. Copper deposits can often be symbiotic or associated with the following elements: lead, zinc, tungsten, molybdenum, tin , gold, silver, iron, and the like.
About other spotted copper ore
1. Porphyry copper mine
It is the most important type of deposit in the world's copper mines. Its characteristics are: large scale, shallow burial, low grade and low sulphide ore, easy to pick and choose, high metal recovery rate. Therefore, it has become an important copper resource that has received much attention. China's porphyry copper deposits rank first.
Related to the mineralization of porphyry copper deposits is mainly continental volcanism and intrusion. The relevant intrusive rocks are mainly medium-acid shallow and ultra-shallow phase rocks of the calc-alkaline series. Such as quartz two long porphyry. Quartz flash porphyry and so on. The surrounding rock alteration is zoning. Propylitization from outside to inside is green belt, muddy zone, phyllic with (have called phyllite of the band), potassium feldspar center of the band. Copper mineralization is mainly in the Yanying lithification zone and the K-bearing petrochemical zone. The ore body is mainly produced in the inner and outer contact belts of the intrusion. The ore body is often controlled by the shape and occurrence of the intrusion and the ring-like fissures. Copper mineralization is characterized by fine vein infiltrated ore. The metal minerals are mainly chalcopyrite, porphyrite, pyrite, molybdenite and the like. The ore grade is low, generally 0.4-0.8%, the highest is more than 1%, but the secondary enrichment zone can reach 1-2%. Associated elements are gold and molybdenum. The porphyry copper deposit models are: quartz-maniteite model, diorite model, syenite model.
Prospecting signs: 1. Looking for parent rock and surrounding rock: granodiorite porphyry, sodium long porphyry, and bichangite porphyry are important ore-forming parent rocks. Thousands of rocks, schists, medium-acid intrusive rocks and volcanic rocks are important ore-forming surrounding rocks.
2. Pyrite mineralization is extensive in porphyry copper deposits. At the same time, under the action of surface, pyrites and other sulfides are easy to form "burning skin" limonite film on the surface, and the rock is partially faded, and attention is paid to the secondary enrichment zone in the brown area.
3. The porphyry copper ore alteration belt has large scale, high strength and good zoning (the general center is biotite , potassium feldspar or quartz potassium feldspar, etc., outward is sericite, potassium feldspar, quartz belt, and then Clay , quartz belts, and then clay and lime belts) are often accompanied by large-scale deposits.
4. The copper-bearing porphyry body is a direct prospecting mark.
5. Soil geochemical anomalies are effective markers for finding porphyry copper deposits.
Second, skarn type copper ore
These deposits are mainly produced in the contact zone between medium-sized and medium-sized intrusive complexes and carbonate rocks. The mineralization is concentrated in the frontal zone of the magma flow when the intrusion is formed, mainly along the fault. According to the case of the Yangtze River and southern China, skarn and diorite, monzonite granite intrusions related, is more of tin, tungsten and copper symbiosis.
The copper minerals in the ore are mainly chalcopyrite, sometimes containing porphyrite and beryllium copper. Symbiotic minerals include magnetite, pyrrhotite, sphalerite, and galena. The ore structure is infested and massive. The deposits are large, medium and small.
Prospecting mark:
1. The existence of skarn associated with the skarn copper deposit is a direct indicator of this type of deposit.
2. Intrusive rocks: porphyry granite, granite, granite porphyry porphyry, granodiorite, granodiorite porphyry, quartz monzonite, quartz diorite, diorite and diorite .
3. Surrounding rock: It is mainly carbonate rock. Such as limestone, marble , dolomitic limestone, marl , thin layer of limestone, organic limestone, and strontium limestone. Due to the chemical nature of impurities, it is brittle and brittle, forming voids, which is most beneficial to the formation of copper ore.
4. Skarn and alteration signs
(1) Calcareous skarn, which is made up of limestone. Typical minerals are: garnet (Grossular, andradite) diopside - hedenbergite. (2) magnesium-based mass SKARN account clouds from the rock. Typical minerals are forsterite, spinel, phlogopite, stevensite, and the like. (3) The siliceous skarn system is formed by metasilicate silicate rock. The most important is the mineral stellite. Others are not much different from the typical minerals of calcareous skarn. The dense block skarn is generally not well mineralized. When producing more water-containing minerals, such as phlogopite, tremolite , actinolite , biotite, chlorite, serpentine, and the like. Mineralization is often better.
5. Geophysical and geochemical anomalies are also good signs.
6, the construction mark:
(1) The intrusive rock mass is in "integrated" contact with the surrounding rock, that is, the contact zone is substantially parallel to the surrounding rock layer in the plane or the section, and the shape is simple and straight. Mineralization is generally not good, that is, the intrusion is in parallel contact with the surrounding rock.
(2) The intrusion is in "unconformity" contact with the surrounding rock, that is, the contact zone is obliquely intersected on the plane or in the section, and even crosses the surrounding rock layer, especially the vertical contact between the intrusion and the surrounding rock. The most favorable mineralization.
(3) The pour-in body and the surrounding rock are “super-voltâ€, that is, the pour body is on the top and the surrounding rock is on the bottom. The rock mass is interspersed in the surrounding rock or is mushroom-shaped into the body. The contact zone on the lower plate of the rock tongue or mushroom top is most beneficial for mineralization.
(4) The pour-in body is dendritic interspersed with surrounding rock, and the contact zone is very complicated. The end and bifurcation of the dendritic rock are best mineralized.
(5) The surrounding rock is trapped in the dumping body, and the contact zone of the catching body is very favorable for mineralization, and sometimes the entire trapping body can be mineralized.
(6) The inter-layer fracture zone of the surrounding rock near the contact zone is often a good space for mineralization, and it is mineralized into a layered or platy ore body with a large regularity.
3. Volcanic rock pyrite type copper deposit
China is represented by the Baiyin Copper Mine, which is closely related to volcanic hydrothermal fluids and pyrolysis. The relevant volcanic series are: (1) fine-bijia porphyry (2) angular porphyry (3) calc-alkaline series of Anshan-rhythmite (4) iron-magnesia rock series of ophiolite. The ore bodies are mostly layered, layered, lenticular, and the size of the ore body is generally large. In addition to the block shape, the ore structure is also infective and reticular. Strip shape. The main component of the ore is pyrite, followed by chalcopyrite, again as sphalerite, and galena. The gangue minerals are quartz, calcite , chlorite, barite , gypsum, and the like.
Fourth, vein copper deposit
It is mainly a medium-temperature or medium-low temperature hydrothermal origin, a vein-shaped copper deposit, which is produced in various surrounding rocks. In particular, it is produced in neutral and weakly acidic volcanic rocks or shallow intrusions. There are green rock wall rock alteration plate, silicification, sericite of, pyrite, alunite of kaolin of. The vein zone is controlled by an annular fracture or radioactive fracture of the fault structure or volcanism. Some break along the fracture zone to form a network belt that extends farther and has invasive ore. There are many types of ore, mainly copper-quartz-carbonate-medium barite vein, copper-river manganese ore-pyrite-quartz vein, followed by arsenic-copper-quartz vein. There are also some cassiterite-sulphide veins, tungsten and tin-quartz veins, and gold-quartz veins.
Prospecting mark: mainly looking for mineralized quartz veins in neutral and weakly acidic volcanic rocks or ultra-shallow intrusions.
V. Volcanic rock type copper deposit
The volcanic copper deposit referred to here is a copper deposit produced by volcanic eruptions and produced in volcanic volcanic rocks and or with debris. Such deposits in China are mainly produced in the acid fine-bi-horn porphyry and intermediate-basic volcanic rocks, and in the volcanic clastic rock series. The ore-bearing rocks are quartz horn tuff, horn tuff, bismuth, andesite , coarse rock and green schist.
Main prospecting indicators: (1) in areas with extensive distribution of volcanic rocks. Focus on the ancient volcanic eruption. (2) Pay attention to the distribution of intrusions and volcanic eruptions (collective rocks, tuff breccia, etc.) in the fire. The sides of the two are often mineralized areas. After the veins that penetrate into the crater intersect with the crater, the two sides are also favorable parts for mineralization. (3) Pay attention to the fracture zone formed by volcanic activity and blasting.
This broken belt has an irregular circular, elliptical or lenticular shaped ceramic area. If there is alteration and mineralization, there may be deposits in the deep.
6. Sedimentary copper deposits
Also known as layered copper deposits. The ore bodies are mainly composed of copper-bearing sandstones containing copper shale and copper-bearing carbonate deposits. The importance of layered copper ore is currently second only to porphyry copper deposits in the world. It can be divided into a single sub-category: (1) layered copper deposits in the Precambrian (mostly Proterozoic) geosyncline sedimentary rocks (2) Layered copper deposits in the Cambrian post-marine strata. (3) Copper ore in the continental red rock formation. The common feature of these three categories is that copper-bearing rock series are mainly formed in the case of wet and dry climate conversion. It is often produced in light-colored rock formations in the red rock series, and most of the ore-bearing rock formations are formed in a reducing environment. The color is dark gray, gray black, green gray and so on. It often contains a lot of carbonaceous, organic matter, and cemented materials of star-shaped pyrite, chlorite and carbonate. The ore body is layered and looks like a layer or a flat shape. The thickness of the ore layer ranges from a dozen centimeters to more than one secret. The copper-bearing layer often has one to several layers, and some of them have dozens to dozens of layers. Minerals are relatively simple. Common ore minerals are: molybdenite or porphyrite. Followed by chalcopyrite and natural copper, secondary minerals include malachite, azurite and so on. The ore is generally rich in grade, containing up to 1-3% of copper, and a copper source of some layered copper ore. May be related to volcanic action. Its representative deposits are found in the inter-layer fracture zone of the Yuanlingian snow-bearing group and the Yinmin purple layer in the northern part of Yunnan Province. The ore body is layered and lenticular. It can be divided into three layers, the ore belt is extended by 20 kilometers, the depth is more than 1000 meters, and the thickness is 5-15 meters. The ore has a ponytail structure and is densely populated and spotted. The mineral combination is a crystal of molybdenite, porphyrite, and chemical barrels. The ore grade is medium to poor and the reserves are large. A bed-controlled deposit that has been considered to be a cause of sedimentary metamorphism in the past. There is also a sandstone copper deposit located in the central part of Yunnan, with six copper-bearing sandstone copper deposits. The ore-bearing horizon is located in the lower part of the Liutun sub-section of the lower glutenite section of the upper part of the Upper Cretaceous of the Cretaceous . The ore-bearing rocks are mainly purple-red, light-gray medium-fine-grained feldspar quartz sandstone. Followed by pebbled sandstone, conglomerate, siltstone and mudstone. It has been known that there are eight ore bodies in the ore body that are layered, up to 1700 meters long, hundreds of meters wide and 38 meters thick. Studies have shown that copper ore is formed by alternating redox. The ore minerals are mainly molybdenite, followed by copper ore and chalcopyrite. They are all finely granulated and uniformly infiltrated with the sandstone cement. From the purple layer refers to the distribution of light color layers: hematite-natural copper belt, chalcopyrite-hematite belt, porphyrite-brass belt, pyrite belt. The copper grade is correspondingly reduced by less than 1.5% to less than 0.5%, and the associated elements in the ore are mainly silver. The deposit is formed by a continental deposit of copper deposits.
※About finding spot copper ore
Copper mine is one of the metals with the largest gap in China's non-ferrous metal mineral resources. We believe that China is a big developing country. The fundamental solution to the shortage of copper must be based on the domestic market.
1. Porphyry copper deposit is one of the most important types of prospecting.
Many mineral deposit scientists are studying the current status of copper prospecting in the world. They believe that porphyry copper deposits are the most important types of copper deposits at present, with large scale, good mining conditions and low production costs. There are 49 copper deposits with more than 5 million tons of copper deposits in foreign countries, and there are 26 porphyry copper deposits, accounting for 53%. The world's three famous porphyry copper ore giant metallogenic belts extend to China, the ancient Asian porphyry copper deposit metallogenic belt, Uzbek in the west, into the northern part of Xinjiang in the Balkhash Lake region, Mongolia and Heilongjiang to the Soviet Union Far East. The Pacific Rim porphyry copper ore metallogenic belt is divided into two east and west metallogenic belts, and the east metallogenic belt is mainly distributed on the west coast of South and North America. The western metallogenic belt, in the eastern part of the Asian continent and along the coast, can be divided into two inner and outer zones. Metallogenic belt: Inner zone is an island arc belt, from Kamchatka in the north to Japan, Taiwan, the Philippines, Kalimantan, West Irian, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands to the east coast of Australia, and the north from the Russian Chukchi The peninsula extends to northeast China, north China, and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River to the northeast. Mediterranean (or Tethys-Himalayan) porphyry copper ore metallogenic belt, starting from Spain in the west, passing through Yugoslavia, Romania, Bulgaria, Turkey, Iran, western Pakistan, extending to Qinghai and Tibet in China, and extending into the territory of Myanmar in the southeast direction. .
Based on the above reasons, in the 1970s, the prospecting boom of the national “porphyry copper mine†was discovered, and a large-scale mega-porphyry copper deposit such as Tibet Yulong, Marathon and Duoxisongdu, and Inner Mongolia Wunuuktushan were discovered. Bed, Jiangxi Dexing Copper Factory, Fujiawu, Zhushahong, Heilongjiang Duobaoshan further research and re-exploration, greatly increased copper reserves and expanded the prospects of the deposit. It should be said that the effect of prospecting research is significant and the results are huge.
After the 1980s, the prospecting of porphyry copper deposits in the world is still being discovered, such as Escondida, Chile, Malangjkand, India, Lebanto, Philippines, and the Far East (FSE) large-scale porphyry Copper deposits and rich gold deposits. Although the prospecting of porphyry copper deposits in China has progressed, for example, some skarn copper deposits in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River are accompanied by porphyry copper mineralization, which constitutes a multi-integrated deposit, or a metallogenic series. However, in general, no porphyry copper deposits with large scale and good conditions have been found. Some of the large porphyry copper mines that have been surveyed have not yet been planned. The fundamental reason is that the porphyry copper ore in China has a low grade. For example, the average copper grade of Jiangxi Dexing Copper Factory is 0.454%, the average grade of copper in Fujiawu is 0.501%; the average grade of cinnabar copper is 0.423%; the average grade of copper in Heilongjiang Duobaoshan Copper Mine is 0.47%; the average copper of Wunuoketushan Copper Mine in Inner Mongolia The grade is 0.46%; the copper grade of Yulong Copper Mine in Tibet is 0.543%~4.22%; the average grade of copper in the marathon copper mine is 0.36%; the average grade of copper in the Duoxisong copper mine is 0.36%. In addition, many porphyry copper deposits are difficult to use due to poor conditions such as climate and topography.
2. Bonanza-type copper ore-rich ore
In summary, the development degree of porphyry copper deposits is restricted by the quality of its deposits. Under the conditions of market economy, whether the porphyry copper deposit has rich ore is of great significance and is the key to decide whether it can be built.
(1) Some large-large porphyry copper deposits in the porphyry copper ore metallogenic belt, after the formation of the ore body, often form a thick oxidized zone, which constitutes a secondary thickening of copper ore of a certain thickness and scale. band. The oxidation zone of the deposit is generally more developed, especially the thickness of the secondary enrichment zone is large, and the copper grade is generally 1% to 2% higher, and both are the first production areas of the mine.
(2) The copper grade of the original sulphide ore body of the porphyry copper mine in foreign countries is also higher. The data show that the multi-stage magmatic intrusion and the mineralization of multi-period copper mineralization are the main factors for the porphyry copper ore to become richer and larger. For example, the Teigne copper deposit in Chile is a very large copper deposit at the southernmost tip of the eastern Pacific metallogenic belt. The metal copper reserves amount to 50 million tons and the annual output of refined copper is 280,000 tons. The Late Pliocene intrusive quartz diorite and its sub-volcanic intrusive sub-volcanic rocks, Ying'an Yanyan, two types of rock mass invading the Tertiary Eocene andesite, the size of the exposed area of ​​the quartz diorite Not waiting. The southern part of the country is small, and the surface is small and deeper. It is covered with a tourmaline breccia tube at the top. The rock structure changes from patchy to deep in the upper part. Ying'an Xiuyan is an important ore-forming rock mass with a small range of exposure and irregular rock branches, which invade into andesite. With the intrusion of these two rock masses, the surrounding rock andesite have undergone different degrees of alteration and mineralization. When the quartz diorite porphyry invaded, the andesite produced potassiumification, biotitization and quartz sericite alteration, and mineralized the andesite, containing 0.6% of copper, and then Ying'an shale intrusion, causing further alteration of andesite. There are mainly potassium and biotite, and the copper content of the rock increases to 1%. It is because of the intrusion of these two ore-bearing rock masses that strong alterations and mineralization have occurred, forming a huge copper deposit. Mineralization zone NW trend. In the northern and central part of the mineralization zone, the ore body is parallel to the Ying'an porphyrite, the metal mineral is mainly porphyrite, chalcopyrite and pyrite; in the southern part of the mineralization zone, a large number of quartz diorite porphyrites appear, when the porphyrite is not developed. Mainly chalcopyrite and pyrite, their content ratio is roughly 1:1.
The Salvador copper deposit in Chile is located in the Mount Murray Indiana in the province of Atama, northern Chile, with more than 4 million tons of copper metal. The Upper Cretaceous and Tertiary volcanic-sedimentary rocks are exposed in the mining area. The Tertiary volcanic rocks constitute the bottom plate of the deposit, and the ore-bearing rock mass occurs at 41×106a. According to the intrusion time, the difference of rock composition is divided into three kinds of porphyry: "X", "K" and "L". The "X" porphyry is the earliest intrusive porphyry, the matrix is ​​composed of quartz and a small amount of biotite. , the fine grain structure, the strong potassium-silicate oxidization of the rock, the sericitization of the biotite, the sericitization of the plagioclase plaque, and a small part of the clay, which is the main The ore-bearing rock mass; the "K" porphyry invades after the "X" porphyry, and the plagioclase consists of plagioclins, so it is also called the plagioclase porphyry, and the grain size becomes coarse, with strong alteration and mineralization. It is also the main ore-bearing rock mass; the "L" porphyry is the last intrusive porphyry, cut through the above two porphyry bodies, and the porphyry is also dominated by plagioclase, with no obvious alteration and mineralization. The copper ore body is mainly produced in the “K†and “X†porphyry. In addition, there are different degrees of mineralization in the andesite, rhyolite and eye-shaped quartz porphyry of the ore body. In rhyolites away from porphyry, and in andesite, a large amount of pyrite occurs. The average copper grade of primary sulfide ore is 0.5% to 0.6%.
※The scale of some porphyry copper ore oxidized belts abroad
The Chuquicamata deposit in Chile has a reserve of 60 million tons; the leaching zone has a large depth, the deepest is more than 100 meters; the oxidation zone is 2 to 300 m thick; the secondary enrichment zone is more than 500 meters thick, and the north and south are reduced, and there are also 100 m±, the richest. The ore is more than 2% Cu, generally more than 1%. The original sulphide ore body extends more than 800m and is still mineralized, with Cu 0.6% to 0.8%.
The Chuqui North Mine (Pampanot) deposit in Chile has a reserve of 4 million tons; the leaching zone is 1600m long, 600m wide, 80mCu 0.8%-0.9% thick; secondary enrichment zone Cu1%~2%; primary sulfide The ore body is more than 1,600 meters wide and 600 meters wide, with a depth of 195m and a thickness of 0.8%.
The Teinente deposit in Chile has a reserve of 50 million tons; the Cu1% in the leaching zone accounts for about 20% of the ore reserves, the secondary enrichment zone Cu1%~2%, the primary sulfide ore body Cu0.8%±, and the control depth is 1200m the above.
The El Salvador deposit in Chile has a reserve of 4 million tons; the leaching belt is 150m thick; the secondary enrichment zone is developed, and the current mining body; the primary sulphide ore body Cu 0.5% to 0.6%.
Peru's Cerrovid deposit has a reserve of 7.82 million tons; the leaching zone is 150-200 mCu1% thick; the secondary enrichment zone is 30-90 m thick, Cu1%-2%; and the primary sulfide ore body Cu 0.3%-0.9%.
The Quabhoone deposit in Peru has a reserve of 6 million tons; the leaching belt has a maximum thickness of 100m and an average thickness of 15m; the secondary enrichment belt has a thickness of 20m.
The Tokpala deposit in Peru has a reserve of 4 million tons; the secondary enrichment zone has a thickness of 0-150 m and a maximum Cu2%.
Mexico La Calidad deposit, reserves of 4.55 million tons; leaching belt thickness 10 ~ 270m, Cu 0.02% ~ 0.05% secondary enrichment belt thickness tens of meters to 250m, Cu 0.5% ~ 1.7%; primary vulcanization The ore body, Cu 0.2% to 0.3%.
The deposit of the Erdetuyin Ebo deposit in Mongolia has a reserve of 2.55 million tons; the leaching zone is 30-60 m thick; the secondary enrichment zone is 200 mCu 1% to 2%, and the highest is 5% to 7%.
The Keonrad deposit in Kazakhstan has a reserve of 7.9 million tons; the leaching zone is 0-80 m thick, Cu 0.2%-0.250%; the oxidation zone is 0.5-60 m thick; and the secondary enrichment zone is 15-270 m thick (average 130~) 140m), Cu 1.5% ~ 2%; the original sulfide ore body from the depth of 150 ~ 300m from the surface, has been recourse to 600 ~ 650m depth.
The Peruvian copper mine in Peru is an important deposit in the South Peru copper belt and the largest porphyry copper deposit in Peru. Metal copper reserves of 7.82 million tons. There are Precambrian gneiss in the mining area, Paleozoic sedimentary rocks and Jurassic volcanic-sedimentary rocks, diorite in the early Tertiary, and then granodiorite intrusion along the NW direction in the north. Copper ore The bed is located at the southeastern end of the rock foundation. There are two stages of granodiorite. After that, small intrusions such as Ying'an porphyry, two-long porphyry and quartz two-long porphyry are distributed along the NW tectonic belt, followed by a series of tourmaline-quartz breccia. The barrel is produced. The Ying'an porphyry, the second porphyry and the quartz secondary porphyry subvolcanic rock intrusion are the main metallogenic periods. The metallogenic age is 56.9×106a. The ore bodies are mainly distributed in these small intrusive porphyries. The tourmaline-quartz breccia tube also has some ore bodies. A small part of the ore bodies are produced in the early diorite, granodiorite and Precambrian gneiss. in. The original copper ore contains 0.3% to 0.9% Cu, with an average of 0.7%. The Cuahoone copper mine in Peru has a copper reserve of 6 million tons and an average of Cu1%. It is currently the largest open-pit copper mine in Peru. Large-scale multiple intrusions from the Upper Cretaceous to the Lower Tertiary volcanic rocks, the Tertiary Oligocene diorite, granodiorite, quartz diorite porphyry and quartz coarse porphyry To the surrounding rock andes. The main metallogenic period is the late evolutionary product quartz diorite porphyry and quartz coarse porphyry. The area is only 0.5km2 small rock mass. The most ore-bearing rock is quartz coarse porphyry, and the second quartz porphyry.
The actual material of the above porphyry copper ore indicates that under the multi-cycle and multiple intrusion metallogenic conditions, the porphyry copper mineralization and the subvolcanic rock type copper mineralization can form a copper deposit with rich grade and large scale. Copper ore belts in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, such as the Chengmenshan, Wushan, Fengshandong, Anjishan and other copper deposits, the multiple mineralization of the jet-sedimentary copper-sulphide, skarn-type copper and porphyry copper deposits The formation of a multi-integration mineralization series has increased the average grade of copper in the mining area and expanded the scale of copper deposits.
3. Prospecting of porphyry copper deposits in China
Under the conditions of market economy, the construction of mines, mining development must operate according to market rules, no profit, even loss-making mines have no way out, and it is impossible to maintain. Therefore, the author believes that the porphyry copper mine finds where the road is? The key is the problem of rich ore, which does not solve the prospecting problem of porphyry copper ore-rich ore, and finds the poor ore, the porphyry copper deposit that can not be exposed can only be the mine. .
Domestic and foreign scholars have carried out geological problems such as classification of porphyry copper deposits, tectonic setting, geochemical characteristics of ore-forming rocks, surrounding rock alteration and mineralization zoning, source of ore-forming materials, genesis of ore deposits and metallogenic models. Detailed research and special discussion. Unfortunately, the research on porphyry copper ore-rich ore is extremely rare. Therefore, the future research of porphyry copper deposits should focus on the conditions of rich ore formation: (1) the geological background associated with porphyry copper deposits and skarn type copper deposits, jet-sedimentary copper deposits, and subvolcanic copper deposits. Research on geological conditions. Since Cheng Yuqi et al. proposed the mineralization series of mineral deposits in 1979, it has attracted the attention of colleagues in the geological community. In some known deposits and mining areas, many new minerals and new mineralization types have been discovered, which is not only in mineralization. With the new development of the theory, it is of great significance to open up mine-seeking ideas, expand prospecting prospects, and improve mine economic benefits. The facts show that in a metallogenic belt, each deposit is different due to the complexity of nature, geological conditions, metallogenic series, and mineralization combinations. The above four types of copper deposits are in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. The Chengmenshan and Wushan copper deposits are the trinity metallogenic series of the jet-sedimentary copper deposit, the skarn copper deposit and the porphyry copper deposit; the Fengshandong copper deposit is the skarn type copper deposit and the porphyry copper deposit. The mine series; the Tonglushan copper mine is dominated by skarn copper ore and there are no other associated copper deposits. Another example is the Daxinganling Dongpo Copper Belt, Lianhuashan Copper Mine, Budunhua Copper Mine, Cao Niushan Copper Mine, and Haolibao Copper Mine. The porphyry copper deposit and the subvolcanic copper deposit coexist in a mining area, forming a formation. Mine series. The above-mentioned porphyry copper deposits in the mining area are only mineralized and have no industrial significance. Therefore, it is necessary to study the dominant factors of different ore-forming series in different regions, including the source of regional ore-forming materials, multi-stage magmatic mineralization, and various geological conditions such as integration and mineralization, in order to achieve what geological conditions may be formed. Mineralization combined mineralization series to effectively guide prospecting practices. (2) Strengthen the characteristics of secondary oxidation zone after the formation of porphyry copper deposits, and study the main factors of secondary enrichment zone development. The main factors for the development of the secondary enrichment zone of some porphyry copper oxide belts in foreign countries are: climatic conditions: the annual rainfall in northern and southern Chile is less than 250mm, the climate is dry, and some are even desert-half The desert climate, because of the low rainfall, is not easy to cause a large loss of copper on the surface. Moderate neotectonic movements - uplifting, such as Peru, Chile and other porphyry copper mines, from the late third to the Quaternary, the region experienced a fault block movement, forming a basement-type mountain range and a mantle basin, located in the rise The copper deposit in the fault block is subjected to denudation, oxidation, leaching and enrichment. If the oxidation rate and the rising erosion rate are generally balanced, the diving surface is continuously decreased, thereby forming a thick secondary enrichment zone. The secondary enrichment can be repeated. The contour line of the diving surface of the Keonrad copper ore field in Kazakhstan, the contour line of the rock mass and the copper boundary of the secondary enrichment zone are the same, and the thickness of the copper ore is the same. The larger part is obviously the place where the diving surface is sunken. The diving surface is like the top of the copper ore mine, and it is also generally inclined to the southeast. What we find very significant is that some of the secondary porphyry copper deposits in the secondary enrichment zones of Chile and Peru have an elevation elevation of about 2,500 to 3,500 m. The elevation of the Chuquicamata mine in Chile is 2830m; the elevation of the Tenette mine is 2600-3000m; the elevation of the Salvador mine is 2900m; the elevation of the Peruvian mine in Peru is 2600-2800m; and the elevation of the Tokpara mine is 3100-3600m. In addition, some local factors, such as the mineral combination of sulfide ore; ore body occurrence; the extent of fracture fissure development in the mining area, the nature of surrounding rock, etc., can cause the development of the oxidation zone.
4. Prospecting direction of porphyry copper ore-rich ore
According to the above understanding, the author believes that the Yushu-Zhadu-Wuli area in southern Qinghai is the most favorable area for finding porphyry copper ore. Basis: (1) The belt is one of the world's three major porphyry copper belts, the Mediterranean (or Tethys-Himalayan) porphyry copper belt in the northwestern part of the Tibet Yulong metallogenic belt; (2) the area is deposited with Yulong The porphyry copper deposit is similar to the thick Triassic trough-type volcanic-sedimentary construction. At the end of the Late Triassic, the Indosinian movement occurred in the whole area, and local faults occurred, forming a red rock series with a salty salt of the Late Triassic-Tertiary. In the early Yanshan-Himalayan southern Qinghai, the Zhiduo-Zhaduo complex slope developed extensively developed medium-acid calc-alkaline porphyry; (3) Yulong porphyry copper deposit research data indicate that the deposit is deposited by jet deposition of copper mineralization or Leica Rock-copper mineralization (layered copper-rich ore) and porphyry copper deposit (low-grade copper mineralization) constitute a mineralization series, and the upper part of the oxidized secondary enrichment zone (medium-high grade copper ore). Since the Yulong porphyry copper mine has a considerable amount of copper-rich ore, the country has begun to build mines and prepare for mining. With the development and construction of Yulong Copper Mine, Qinghai Delni, Tongluogou and Saishi Copper Mine, the external construction and development conditions have been improved; (4) The area is located in the area where the Himalayan tectonic movement is strongly affected, and the mountain range is rising. The elevation of the elevation is 4000-5000m, and the climate is dry, which is conducive to the formation of a thick copper ore secondary enrichment zone. Therefore, from the existing geological environment and geological conditions, the two or three integrated mineralization series in this area constitute the primary Zhongfu copper deposit, or the secondary enrichment zone forms a copper-rich ore, which has prospects.
Work Principle:
The machine is fixed by different geometry, the relative rotation of the rotor under high speed rotation, when the material under the weight, air pressure and centrifugal force through adjustable stator clearance, subject to strong shear , Friction, impact force, high-frequency vibration and other complex forces, are effectively broken, dispersed emulsification and mixing, resulting in the ideal product.
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